Catégorie : Philosophie

• Saint Augustin

• Willard Quine

  Willard Quine

• Henri Bergson

• Georg Hegel

• Chrysippe

  Chrysippe

• Les jésuites

  (lat. "Societas Jesu", en abrégé S. J.) Compagnie de Jésus. Ordre catholique fondé en 1534 par Ignace de Loyolapour la conversion des hérétiques et le service de l'Eglise, et reconnu par le pape Paul III en 1540. Buts principaux : mission et enseignement. Devise : "Ad majorem Dei gloriam" (pour la plus grande gloire de Dieu.) Les jésuites constituent la plus importante communauté religieuse de l'Eglise catholique (environ vingt-cinq millemembres : enseignement, recherche théologique, presse...

• René Descartes

  René Descartes Quelques formules résument, dans la mémoire des hommes, la pensée de Descartes : " Je pense donc je suis " ; il ne faut affirmer que ce qui se présente " si clairement et si distinctement " à l'esprit qu'on n'ait " aucune occasion de le mettre en doute " ; nous pourrons, en connaissant leslois des choses, " nous rendre comme maîtres et possesseurs de la nature ". Telle est la rançon de la gloire. On réduit la philosophie la plusprofonde à des propos d'une évidente banalité...

• Aristote

  Aristote Platon l'appelait : le liseur, et bien qu'il eût le sens de l'humour, il était fort studieux. De fait, de la logique à la science des moeurs, il a inventé, nommé et systématisé toutes les sciences que nous connaissons, plus une, dont nous ne savons toujours pas ce qu'elle est, et qui est lamétaphysique : c'est-à-dire qu'il a trouvé le tourment de toutes les sciences, plus celle qu'un dieu seul peut inventer pour nous. C'est la métaphysique en effet qu'Aristote disait " scien...

• Edmund Husserl

• PORT-ROYAL

  PORT-ROYAL Fondée au début du XIIIe siècle, dans le cadre de l'ordre de Cîteaux, l'abbaye de Port-Royal-des-Champs (vallée deChevreuse) devient, au XVIIe siècle, un des hauts lieux visés par la lutte contre le jansénisme. Tout commence en1609, quand la supérieure, Mère Angélique, de la grande famille des Arnauld, décide, sous l'influence de Du Vergierde Hauranne, abbé de Saint-Cyran, de rétablir la règle du monastère qui s'était singulièrement relâchée. Le succèsest considérable, les novices aff...

• Beattie, James

• Bauer, Bruno

  Bauer, Bruno The career of the Hegelian theologian Bruno Bauer is marked by his sudden turn from a reasoned defender of Christianity into one of its most extreme critics. His radical interpretation of Hegel's philosophy, which he first used to defend orthodox biblical hermeneutics, ultimately led him to become, as one of his admirers said, the ‘Robespierre of theology' . As the leader of the so-called ‘Young Hegelian' school, Bauer was one of Hegel's most gifted students. However, his c...

• Bacon, Francis

  Bacon, Francis Along with Descartes, Bacon was the most original and most profound of the intellectual reformers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He had little respect for the work of his predecessors, which he saw as having been vitiated by a misplaced reverence for authority, and a consequent neglect of experience. Bacon's dream was one of power over nature, based on experiment, embodied in appropriate institutions and used for the amelioration of human life; this could be achiev...

• Austin, John

  Austin, John (1790-1859) Although written in the early nineteenth century, Austin's is probably the most coherent and sustained account ofthe theory of legal positivism. The complex relationships between legal positivism and the concepts of morality andpolitics are explored by him but are often neglected or misunderstood in modern commentaries. John Austin became in 1829 the first Professor of Jurisprudence at the newly established University of London, having previouslyspent a brief spel...

• Bayle, Pierre

  Bayle, Pierre Bayle was one of the most profound sceptical thinkers of all time. He was also a champion of religious toleration, and an important moral philosopher. The fundamental aim of his scepticism was to curb the pretensions of reason in order to make room for faith. Human reason, he believed, suffers from two fundamental weaknesses: it has a limited capacity to motivate our actions, and it is more a negative than a positive faculty, better at uncovering the defects of various philosophica...

• Bentham, Jeremy

  Bentham, Jeremy Jeremy Bentham held that all human and political action could be analysed in terms of pleasure and pain, and so made comprehensible. One such analysis is how people actually do behave; according to Bentham, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Another such analysis is of how they ought to behave. For Bentham, this is that they should maximize utility, which for him is the same as producing the greatest happiness of the greatest number, which, again, is the same for him as maximizi...

• Bacon, Roger

  Bacon, Roger Associated with both the University of Paris and Oxford University, Roger Bacon was one of the first in the Latin West to lecture and comment on Aristotle 's writings on subjects other than logic. After he came to know Robert Grosseteste 's work in natural philosophy, he became the advocate of a curricular reform that emphasized scientific experiment and the study of languages. His views were often unpopular, and he constantly belittled all who disagreed with him. Bacon's work in...

• Belief

• Axiology

  Axiology Axiology is the branch of practical philosophy which studies the nature of value. Axiologists study value in general rather than moral values in particular and frequently emphasize the plurality and heterogeneity of values while at the same time adopting different forms of realism about values. Historically, three groups of philosophers can be described as axiologists: the original Austrian and German schools of value phenomenologists; American theorists of value who offered an account...

• Augustinianism