Catégorie : Philosophie

• Fra Angelico

  Fra Angelico Né Guido di Pietro, Fra Angelico entra au couvent dominic ain de San Domenico à Fiesole vers 1420. Il y mena une vie pieus e et vertueuse, tout en mettantau service de sa vocation religieuse sa passion pour la peinture qui le fit étudier un temps avec le célèbre miniaturiste gothique Lorenzo Monac o. Dans lesannées 1430, époque de ses premières oeuvres, Fra Angelico peignit un nombre important de retables d'églises parmi lesquels L'A nnonciation. En 1439, ils'installa au couvent flo...

• Le classicisme

  Fondé sur l'imitation des Anciens, l'idéal esthétique du classicisme se caractérise par une grandeur dans la clarté, lenaturel et par une rationalité interne, exprimée par des règles. Au XVIIe siècle, il s'applique aux oeuvres artistiqueset littéraires françaises, la France étant le pays le moins marqué par le baroque. L'esthétique classique se répandpeu à peu en Europe et sera le modèle du "beau" au XVIIIe siècle.Le goût classique se manifeste d'abord dans la littérature, puis rapidement dans l...

• David, Louis

  David, Louis (Jacques Louis David, 1748-1825) Peintre français, fondateur du néoclassicisme français. Il réalisa des oeuvres auxsujets antiques, fortes en sentiments et en pathétique héroïque : Le Serment des Horaces en 1784, la Mort deSocrate en 1787, Les licteurs rapportent à Brutus le corps de ses fils en 1789. Engagé dans la Révolution française,il commença l'exécution du Serment du jeu de paume et peignit Marat assassiné. En 1799, il peignit les Sabines.Madame RécamierDevenu partisan de Bo...

• Balthus

  Balthus L'enfance et la jeunesse de Balthus se sont formées dans un milieu familial et amical particulièrement exquis, etcomme il en existait encore dans l'Europe et dans le Paris d'avant la dernière guerre. Des poètes, des artistes, desphilosophes, des causeurs, parmi les meilleurs de ce temps, des esprits dignes de composer ce qu'on pouvait appelerautrefois la compagnie des esprits ont conspiré à l'entretenir, dès le principe, dans le goût et la familiarité deschoses de leur domaine. T...

• Cheng

  Cheng In early Confucian writings, cheng describes the quality of authentically realizing or 'completing' a given thing's true nature. It appears together with xin (trustworthiness), a character to which it is related in sense. Cheng refers primarily to the fulfilment of a thing's true nature, while xin refers to the quality resulting from this. With regard to human beings, cheng is the authentic realization of ones nature. In texts such as the Xunzi and Zhongyong , the idea...

• Chinul

  Chinul (1158-1210) Chinul was the founder of the Korean Chogye school of Buddhism. He sought to reconcile the bifurcation between Kyo (doctrinal) thought and Sôn (Zen) practice that rent the Korean Buddhist tradition of his time, by showing the symbiotic connection between Buddhist philosophy and meditation. He also advocated a distinctive program of soteriology that became emblematic of Korean Buddhism from that time forward: an initial sudden awakening to the nature of the mind followed by...

• Charron, Pierre

  Charron, Pierre (1541-1603) Pierre Charron was a French Catholic priest of the late sixteenth century who used Montaigne's sceptical thought, which he presented in didactic form, in order to refute Calvinists, non-Christians, and atheists. He advanced a fideistic defence of religious thought which was based on accepting complete scepticism while appealing to faith alone as the source of religious knowledge. His De la Sagesse (On Wisdom) (1601) is one of the first significant philosophical...

• Celsus

  Celsus (late 2nd century AD) The Greek philosopher Celsus of Alexandria was a Middle Platonist, known only for his anti-Christian work The True Account . The work is lost, but we have Origen 's reply to it, Against Celsus . In it Celsus defends a version of Platonist theology. Celsus is known only as the author of a polemical work against the Christians entitled Alēth ēs logos , which may be translated The True Account , although other connotations of logos are also present in the ti...

• Chatton, Walter

• Certainty

• Charity

• Cavell, Stanley

• Cheng Hao

  Cheng Hao (1032-85) Cheng Hao was a pivotal figure in the creation of a Confucian tradition that was to become the basis for intellectual and state orthodoxy in China from the thirteenth century to the twentieth century. His decision to seek the Confucian Way ( dao) through a direct and personalized reading of the classics was later projected as the beginning of this movement. From a new perspective, he redirected Confucian discourse on such cardinal concepts as humaneness and human nature. Bor...

• Change

• Categories

  Categories Categories are hard to describe, and even harder to define. This is in part a consequence of their complicated history, and in part because category theory must grapple with vexed questions concerning the relation between linguistic or conceptual categories on the one hand, and objective reality on the other. In the mid-fourth century BC,Aristotle initiates discussion of categories as a central enterprise of philosophy. In the Categories he presents an 'ontological' scheme which c...

• Chaos theory

• Cattaneo, Carlo

• Casuistry

  Casuistry Casuistry, from the Latin casus (cases), has been understood in three separate yet related senses. In its first sense casuistry is defined as a style of ethical reasoning associated closely with the tradition of practical philosophy influenced by Aristotle and Aquinas. In its second sense it is reasoning about 'cases of conscience' (casus conscientiae ). The third sense, moral laxism, arose out of Pascal 's famous critique of casuistry, which did much to diminish its influence....

• Burke, Edmund

  Burke, Edmund (1729-97) Edmund Burke's philosophical importance lies in two fields, aesthetics and political theory. His early work on aesthetics, the Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757), explored the experiential sources of these two, as he claimed, fundamental responses, relating them respectively to terror at the fear of death and to the love of society. Active in politics from 1759, and Member of Parliament from 1765, he wrote and deliver...

• Carnap, Rudolf

  Carnap, Rudolf (1891-1970) Carnap was one of the most significant philosophers of the twentieth century, and made important contributions to logic, philosophy of science, semantics, modal theory and probability. Viewed as an enfant terrible when he achieved fame in the Vienna Circle in the 1930s, Carnap is more accurately seen as one who held together its widely varying viewpoints as a coherent movement. In the 1930s he developed a daring pragmatic conventionalism according to which many trad...