Thomas Paine.

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Thomas Paine.
I

INTRODUCTION

Thomas Paine (1737-1809), Anglo-American political philosopher, whose writings had great influence during two upheavals in the 18th century: the American Revolution
(1775-1783) and the French Revolution (1789-1799).

II

LIFE IN ENGLAND

Paine was born in Thetford, Norfolk, England, to an Anglican mother and a Quaker father. He remained poor throughout his life. At the age of 13 he began working for
his father, and at 19 he went to sea. Paine returned to England shortly thereafter and moved through various jobs, eventually becoming an excise officer. As an officer
he had to collect taxes from smugglers he tracked down. He was dismissed in 1772 for publishing a document calling for an increase in wages as a means of reducing
corruption in government service. His personal life did not fare much better: his first wife died and he later legally separated from his second wife.

III

AMERICAN SOJOURN

In London Paine met and befriended Benjamin Franklin, who was serving as a representative of the American colonies in Great Britain. On Franklin's advice, and
equipped with letters of introduction from him, Paine immigrated to Philadelphia in 1774. He became an editor on the Pennsylvania Magazine and also anonymously
published writings, including poetry. One of his publications was the article "African Slavery in America," in which he condemned the practice of slavery.
Paine published his most famous work, the 50-page pamphlet, Common Sense, on January 10, 1776. In a dramatic, rhetorical style, the document asserted that the
American colonies received no advantage from Great Britain, which was exploiting them, and that every consideration of common sense called for the colonies to
become independent and establish a republican government of their own. The document went on to criticize the monarchy as an institution. Published anonymously, the
pamphlet sold more than 500,000 copies and helped encourage, with comments such as "The birthday of a new world is at hand," the issuance of the Declaration of
Independence six months later.
Paine served briefly in the army under General Nathanael Greene. Paine wrote a series of pamphlets between 1776 and 1783 entitled The American Crisis. His words
inspired those who battled in the revolution, and included the now famous first line: "These are the times that try men's souls." George Washington ordered the
pamphlets read to his troops in hope that they would be inspired to endure. In 1777 the Second Continental Congress appointed Paine secretary of the Committee of
Foreign Affairs. After losing the post during a political dispute early in 1779, he remained unemployed until November, when he became clerk of the Pennsylvania
legislature. His concern for the difficult lives of American troops led him to establish a fund to support needy soldiers, despite his own lack of income. Paine himself had
to apply to Congress for financial help, but his plea was buried by his opponents there. However, he was helped by Pennsylvania and New York; New York gave him a
farm in New Rochelle, New York.

IV

RETURN TO ENGLAND

Paine returned to Great Britain in 1787, and in 1791 and 1792 he published Rights of Man, in two parts. It was most famous of all replies to the condemnatory
Reflections Upon the French Revolution by the British statesman Edmund Burke. It was also an analysis of the weaknesses of European society, proposing such
remedies as republican government and progressive income taxes. A million and a half copies were sold in England alone before the book was suppressed. Paine's
criticism of monarchical rule in Rights of Man caused an uproar in England and led the British government to charge Paine with seditious libel. He was tried in absentia
while en route to France in December 1792.

V

FRENCH CAREER

In France Paine was elected a deputy to the National Convention, and he generally voted with the moderate faction known as the Girondins. By favoring the exile,
rather than the execution, of King Louis XVI, however, he offended Maximilien de Robespierre, the leader of the radical faction, and he was imprisoned from December
1793 until November 1794, three months after Robespierre's downfall; Paine then regained his National Convention seat. Part I of his book The Age of Reason was
published while Paine was still in prison; he published Part II in 1795 and a portion of Part III in 1807. Paine's writing was seen as a promotion of atheism, despite the
fact that Paine objected only to organized religion. The misinterpretation of this work resulted in Paine gaining ill repute as an atheist and in the alienation of most of his
old friends. In 1802 Paine returned to the United States with the help of President Thomas Jefferson, and found that people there had a negative opinion of him as well.
He died in New York City and was buried on his farm in New Rochelle. Ten years later journalist William Cobbett moved his remains to England; they were subsequently
lost.

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