Régimes totalitaires

« Totalitarian regimes The Nazi Model: In Germany, Hitler and the Rise of Nazism Intro : After WW1 and Versailles Treaty → Germany moral, economic and politic crisis, Weimar Republic is highly solicited by extremist, communism and nationalism, after 1929 → BD in Germany and Adolf Hitler a extreme right politician manage to seduce the electors and is designed chancellor in 1933 → months later he installs a totalitarian regime (IIIe Reich) 1) Nazi’s ascension to power Adolf Hitler in NSDAP → taking advantage of the crisis to go to power a) Hitler to Power After his missed rebellion 1923 → he structures his politic movement in prison ( Mein Kompf ) → described the German National Socialist ideology inspired by fascism and tinted by a racist vision, 1930 → increase it’s popularity and Hitler by his speeches seduce the people and propose victims ( jews, communists, WW1 winners ) and authoritarian solutions for the crisis Surround himself paramilitaries SA and SS → diffuse nazi ideas and use violence against enemies Reichstag incident → February 1933 German parliament gives the opportunity to Hitler to suspend individuals liberties ( to protect German people ) and eliminate his rivals communism ( 4000 ppl far left arrested and KPD forbidden), the elections at March 1933 in a terror climate ( NSDAP got 44% of votes and 288 deputies ), 23 march Hitler gets elected with all power by the deputies bc the country is in danger → has the ability to arrest his opposants and impose his politic b) The establishment of a dictatorial regime After the birth of the IIIe Reich → 0 resistance, syndicalist and political parties are dissolved and opposants are sent to concentration camps July 1933 → Nazi parti is unique → Hitler use power by force from SA and SS → he eliminate SA ( scared ), night of the long knives → June 1934 SA leader and other enemies are eliminated → Hitler reign by terror Hindenburg death → Hitler get the power of chancellor and president → becomes the Fuhrer → plebiscite 1934 and get 90% of votes putting the end of Weimar republic 2) An authoritarian society Hitler establish a totalitarian and racist Germany from 1933 → persecution on minorities (jews) a) The state of antisemitism Nazi ideology → racist and antisemitism, Germans are a superior race → Aryanne race and need to dominate world, antisemitism is in whole Europe but Hitler make it systematic → Nuremberg Laws 1935 ( Jews has no civil rights, prohibited to have public functions and are progressively excluded from their jobs, jews houses are signaled by indications, jews need to wear a yellow star ) German student in 1933 put in place gatherings for book burning, 1938 Cristal Night → SS leads a pogrom organized in whole Germany against Jews ( 1000 synagogues, 7500 jew businesses, 91 dead, 30000 jews deported (Dachau)) b) Germany enlisted Once in power → Hitler launches a industrialization to restart the economy ( heavy industry, armament) → therefore he has the support that continue to get by propaganda ( he praises its benefits and those of the Nazi regime ) Omnipresent propaganda → by Joseph Goebbels → he filter the information by censure, Nazi structures society by young organizations → instill Nazi ideology in young Germans, compulsory in 1936 3) A war-oriented society Hitler reconstruct society by privileging war industries and by basing a state organized economy → make his aggressive objectives possible a) Germany's rearmament German economy rebuild → by reconstruction of war industry ( forbidden since Versailles Treaty ) → Hitler enunciate it as the source of the misfortunes, to finance his economic restart → sells military equipment to abroad 1935 → Country is rearmed and Hitler defies the restrictions established by the Nation Society and impose conscription → multiply army by 5, navy army and aviation ( all forbidden by treaty ) → he is chased for his rearmament policy October 1933 → Hitler quits the SDN and Disarmament conference, he occupies Rhénanie demilitarized since 1919 ( protested by France and RU ) b) A threatening foreign policy Hitler obsessed by two objectives since end WW1 → extend Germany to a large part of Europe and avenge the Treaty of Versailles, Munich accord → French and Britain prime ministers → get a promise from Hitler to stop expansion after the Sudetes, he is allow to invade it in Czechoslovakia Months later, German army invade the rest of Czechoslovakia and enters Prague ( raping the agreement ) → then invade Poland Italian fascism: a specific model Intro : Italia → winner of WW1 but cannot become a great power and WW1 gains are too slim → therefore torn by different politics ( socialist → take advantage of situation to make a bolshevist revolution, right → blame allies of having no consideration ), Mussolini → take advantage of situation to take power and impose fascism 1) A frustrated nation that favors the advent of Mussolini Since 1860 → Italia cannot rebuild itself as a EU power a) The proletarian nation, frustrated by the First World War Start of 10th century → incomplete nation and since unification (1860) → state gave politique power to bourgeoisie → favorize North development → ppl migrate to abroad and there is an economy around mafias in South, Italie conquer ambition are low ( Eritrea, Libya ) → poor countries and reason why Italia arrive late in war Italia doesn’t obtain all his desired territories at Paris’ Peace Conference who are destined to Yugoslavia, ‘maimed nation’ → by poet Gabriele D’Annunzio because didn’t have their territories b) Mussolini and the conquest of power Worker occupies factories → who are favorable for a revolution as the Bolsheviks one in 1917, bosses are panicked and turn to Mussolini → head of extreme right movement → his role is to suppress protesters by force, he wants to take revenge on socialist so → black shirts in his movement to fight protesters by violence Mussolini → elects right deputies and creates National Fascist Party, taking advantage of left division and the support of the bourgeoisie → he feels ready for rebellion, October 1922 → Rome Walk → fascist go in town to control prefectures and walk to Rome, the King let the rebellion be c) The abolition of democracy Mussolini → named President of the council and take the name of Duce He consider his rebellion as a new era → he abolish all oppositions and all functions of democracy by the establishment of fascist laws → politic opponents are forbidden except PNF, democracy abolition is due to the assassination of.... »