Rome

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Roman A city on the Tiber River in westcentral Italy, which by the first millennium b.c., hadgrown into a major urban center and the seat ofan empire that surrounded the Mediterranean Seaand reached as far north as the British Isles. Rome'sbeginnings are hidden behind many myths andlegends. According to the most common myth, Romewas founded by Romulus on April 21, an event celebratedin ancient times by the festival of Parilia, thefestival of Pales. The year of that event is reportedby some ancient sources as between 772 and 754 b.c.Other legends tell of the founding of the city by thedescendants of Aeneas, the Greek hero who settled incentral Italy after the end of the Trojan War.Archaeological evidence shows very early settlementsbuilt by farming people on or near the sevenfamous hills that formed the center of the city thatbecame Rome. The first hill people settled appearsto have been the Capitoline Hill. Archaeologists havediscovered some of the oldest temples to the supremeRoman god, Jupiter, on this hill. According to legend,it was on this hill that Romulus founded his city.The next hill that settlers developed was thenearby Palatine, 1,250 yards to the southeast of theCapitoline Hill. Legend says that Evander, a leaderfrom the Arcadia region of ancient Greece, settledthis hill even before Romulus was born.Rulers, citizens, and cult followers also built sitesof worship on the Quirinal Hill, 2,100 yards to thenorth-northwest of the Capitoline Hill, and theAventine Hill, 2,500 yards to the south of CapitolineHill. Rome's other three hills are the Viminal, Esquiline,and Caelian.The community of Rome grew surrounded bythe lands of many different cultures which, over time,interacted with and then became part of the Romanculture. No more than 20 miles to the northwestwas Etruria, a region more than a kingdom, whosereligions strongly influenced the people of Rome. TheSabines lived about 25 miles to the northeast. Twentyfivemiles to the southeast lived the Latini people whogave their name to the language that came to dominatecentral Italy, Latin. Rutuli lay 20 miles to the south.According to legend, Rome's earliest rulers werekings, some of them rulers of nearby regions, whowere honored over time as great heroes. One suchwas Latinus, king of the Latini people. The last king,Tarquinius Superbus, who ruled from 534 to 510b.c., at first refused the books of prophecy offeredhim for sale by the Sibyl of Cumae. After she haddestroyed the first six books, he realized the worthof the last three and bought them at the price of theoriginal nine. During this time, also, Greek mythologybegan influencing the religions of the people ofRome and the surrounding areas, primarily throughcontact with Greek colonies in southern Italy and onthe island of Sicily. This process of influence by thecultures of Greece is known as Hellenization.After this era, the people of Rome rejectedkingship as a form of government and turned toa representative republic, whereby each year thepeople chose two chief executives to govern the city.At this time, too, Rome's history becomes a matter ofauthentic records available for modern study. Duringthe Republic era (510 to 264 b.c.), Rome extended itsrule to most of central Italy through military force.Romans also conquered many of the Greek coloniesand brought those lands into their nation.