Volleyball.

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Volleyball.
I

INTRODUCTION

Volleyball, popular team sport played by hitting an inflated ball back and forth over a high net. In the indoor game, each team has six players, while in beach volleyball,
played outdoors on sand, teams consist of two players each. Points are scored by successfully landing the ball in the court of the opponents without it being returned
successfully. The game was invented in 1895 as a recreational pastime by American William G. Morgan, the physical education director of the Young Men's Christian
Association (YMCA) chapter in Holyoke, Massachusetts. His game, which he originally called Mintonette, quickly became popular, not only in the United States but also
around the world. There are more than 200 national federations in the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB; French for "International Volleyball Federation"),
the international governing body for the sport, which is located in Lausanne, Switzerland. An estimated 800 million people play volleyball throughout the world.

II

COURT AND EQUIPMENT

The volleyball court, 9 by 18 m (29.5 by 59 ft) in area for indoor play and slightly smaller for beach competition, is divided into two equal sides by a net. Rules for the
indoor game recommend a clear, unobstructed area at least 7 m (23 ft) high above the entire court, and a minimum of 2 m (6.7 ft) in the indoor game and 3 m (9.8 ft)
in the outdoor game of free space on the perimeter of the court. The net is 10 m (32.8 ft) long and 1 m (3.3 ft) wide and is made of black or dark brown mesh string. It
is stretched tightly across the court by its four corners and has an antenna placed above each court sideline, which the ball must pass between when sent over the net.
The height of the top of the net is set at 2.43 m (7 ft 11?in) for men, at 2.24 m (7 ft 4?in) for women, and at 2.13 m (7 ft) or lower for children aged 12 years or
younger. For indoor play, a line 5 cm (2 in) wide, called the 3-meter attack line, extends across each of the two playing areas from sideline to sideline, parallel to and at
a distance 3 m (9.8 ft) from the centerline (the line directly below the net).
The volleyball is an inflated sphere with a laceless leather or synthetic leather cover. Smaller and lighter than a basketball, the volleyball is 63.5 to 68.6 cm (25 to 27 in)
in circumference and weighs 255 to 283 g (9 to 10 oz).

III

RULES

The players on a six-person volleyball team include three front-row players, who stand near the net, and three back-row players. The server starting the game stands
anywhere behind the endline, serving over the net into the court of the opponents by tossing the ball into the air and striking it with the hand or fist. Only one attempt
is allowed on the serve. By hitting the ball back and forth over the net, with the hands, forearms, head, or any part of the body, play is continued until one team fails to
keep the ball in play--that is, in the air--or until a rule violation is committed. The ball must be returned by a team over the net after no more than three hits, and no
player may hit the ball twice in succession. The return over the net must be done without catching, holding, or carrying the ball, without a player touching the net, and
without entering the opponents' area. A player keeps serving as long as his or her team continues to win points. The serve must rotate to a new player each time a
team wins back the service.
Traditionally, a point could only be scored by the serving team. If a team failed to score, the serve went over to the other team. This is called a side-out. The exception
was in the deciding game of a match, when rally scoring was used. In rally scoring, a point is scored on each serve, whether by the serving team or the nonserving
team. Beginning in 1999, international volleyball switched to rally scoring in all games to help shorten match length.
The first team to score 15 points (traditional) or 25 points (rally scoring) wins the game, provided the margin of victory is at least 2 points. An indoor volleyball match
consists of the best two out of three or three out of five games. Beach volleyball matches are usually one game, using side-out scoring, or best two out of three using
rally scoring. Officials in competitive volleyball include a referee, scorer, umpire, and line judges.

IV

STRATEGY

A vital part of volleyball offense is the spike, a powerful smash over the net. To spike the ball a player must jump high in the air, using good timing in hitting the ball
powerfully and placing it so that it is very difficult to return. Back-row players may spike if their takeoff is from behind the 3-meter attack line. A ball well placed, at
varying heights and near the net for a teammate to spike it, is called a set. A tip, or placement, is a lightly hit ball deflected or dropped into the court of the opponents
and is used by a spiker to surprise opposing blockers when they anticipate a spike. Recovery of the ball from the net after the first or second hit is permissible, as long
as one player does not hit the ball twice in succession.
Defensively, single or multiple blocks are usually employed in volleyball. In such a defense, one or more front-row players jump up on their side of the net, with hands
and arms placed in front of an attacking spiker, to hit back the spiked ball or deflect it to a teammate who can then return it across the net. In the indoor game, a
block, while counting as a touch to regain possession for a team, does not count as one of the three hits a team is allowed on each possession.
A number of skills contribute to successful team play. One of these is accurate service, optimally to a weak spot on the opposing side, delivered either with topspin and
speed or as a deceptive floater--that is, a ball that seems to wobble and slip uncertainly in the air. Control is also important in receiving the service, and in recovering a
spike and deflecting the ball accurately to fellow team members.

V

COMPETITION

In 1922 the first national volleyball championships were held in the United States, and in 1928 the U.S. Volleyball Association, now known as USA Volleyball, was formed.
The FIVB was organized in 1947. Indoor volleyball was introduced in the Pan American Games in 1955 and was introduced in the Olympic Games in 1964 in Tokyo,
Japan. Beach volleyball debuted as a medal sport at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.
Junior Olympic volleyball, for players 18 years of age and younger, was established in 1977, and Junior Olympic beach volleyball was established in 1993. USA Volleyball
national competitions, both coed and single-sex, are held for players in age groups at five-year increments, from 30 years of age and over up to 75 years of age and
over. Competitions for beach volleyball and for outdoor volleyball on grass exist for players in various skill divisions and age groups.
Reviewed by: USA Volleyball

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