HUSSERL, EDMUND

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HUSSERL, EDMUND (1859–1938), philosopher; devised phenomenology,a method of probing beneath external existence to a positive perception of fundamentalessence. Born of Jewish parentage in the Habsburg city of Prossnitz,he studied mathematics at Berlin* and psychology at Vienna and taught at Halle,Go¨ttingen, and Freiburg (from 1916). His circle of skilled students was suchthat when he was called in 1923 to succeed Ernst Troeltsch* at Berlin, he choseto remain at Freiburg.Because philosophy was for Husserl a science, he was convinced that it encompassedobjective truths. Although his 1901 work Logische Untersuchungen(Logical investigations) pronounced philosophy an a priori discipline, his 1913Ideen zu einer reinen Pha¨nomenologie und pha¨nomenologischen Philosophie(Ideas about a pure phenomenology and phenomenological philosophy) provideda program for investigating consciousness and its objects by suspending beliefin the empirical world as a means of gaining a vantage point in subjectiveconsciousness. The methodology inspired philosophers in the United States and Germany, notably Martin Heidegger* (who succeeded Husserl in 1928), andlaid a foundation for Gestalt psychology. It was the methodology, as opposedto any incontestable philosophical truths, that established Husserl's importance.When he retired, he had published eight books or long articles; he also had45,000 pages of manuscript in shorthand. None of his work laid claim to beingdefinitive, for he enjoyed characterizing himself as ‘‘a perpetual beginner.''Although his family had converted to Protestantism in 1866, Husserl wasdeprived of his professorial title in 1933. He was reinstated when records revealedthat his son had fallen honorably in World War I, but the title was againwithheld in 1936. He remained in Freiburg until his death, but was increasinglysubjected to social indignities.